game-jpのみなさま，樋口＠名古屋大です．
配送禁止にしていたのに，僕のソートが悪かったのか，
Yanai教授から，日本語は読めない！というお叱り？のメールと
以下の宣伝メールが来ました．
興味のある方はどうぞ．（ちょっと長いです）．
**************************************************************************
UCLA TROPICAL METEOROLOGY NEWSLETTER No.43 (February 18, 2001)
Part 1
**************************************************************************
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
********
ARTICLE
********
The Research of Dr. Joanne Simpson: Fifty Years Investigating Hurricanes,
Tropical Clouds and Cloud Systems
W.-K. Tao, and J. Halverson
Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Branch, Code 912
Laboratory for Atmospheres
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771
<http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/912>
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
***********
ABSTRACTS
***********
S. Lang, W.-K. Tao, J. Simpson and B. Ferrier
Modeling of Convective-Stratiform Precipitation Processes: Sensitivity to
Partitioning Methods and Numerical Advection Schemes
<http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/912>
W.-K. Tao, C.-S. Chen, Y. Jia, D. Baker, S. Lang and P. Wetzel
A Study of Heavy Precipitation Events in Taiwan during 10-13 August 1994.
Part II: Mesoscale Model Simulations
<http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/912>
M.-I. Lee, I.-S. Kang, J.-K. Kim, and B. E. Mapes
Influence of Cloud-Radiation Interaction on Simulating Tropical
Intraseasonal Oscillation with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model
<http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/~bem/publications.shtml>
C.-P. Chang, Patrick Harr, and Jianhua Ju
Possible Roles of Atlantic Circulations on the Weakening Indian Monsoon
Rainfall-ENSO Relationship
<cpchang@nps.navy.mil>
Matthew Wheeler and Klaus M. Weickmann
Real-Time Monitoring and Prediction of Modes of Coherent Synoptic
to Intraseasonal Tropical Variability
<http://www.bom.gov.au/bmrc/mrlr/mwheeler/abstracts/WW01.html>
Bjorn Stevens, Jianjun Duan, James C. McWilliams, Matthias Munnich and
J. David Neelin
Entrainment, Rayleigh Friction, and Boundary Layer Winds over the Tropical
Pacific
<http://www.atmos.ucla.edu/~bstevens/publications.html>
Wen-wen Tung and Michio Yanai
Convective Momentum Transport Observed during the TOGA COARE IOP. Part I:
General Features
<http://uniblab.atmos.ucla.edu/tropic/CMT1/>
Abraham Zangvil , Diane H. Portis, and Peter J. Lamb
Investigation of the Large-scale Atmospheric Moisture Field over the
Midwestern United States in Relation to Summer Precipitation. Part I:
Relationships between Moisture Budget Components on Different Time-Scales
<zangvil@bgumail.bgu.ac.il>
Peter J. Webster, Christina Clark, Galina Cherikova, John Fasullo ,
Weiqing Han, Johannes Loschnigg, and Kamran Sahami
The Monsoon as a Self-regulating Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere System
<pjw@oz.colorado.edu>
Chunzai Wang and David B. Enfield
The Tropical Western Hemisphere Warm Pool
<http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/phod/docs.html>
F.-F. Jin, Z.-Z. Hu, M. Latif, L. Bengtsson & E. Roeckner
Dynamical and Cloud-Radiation Feedbacks in El Nino and Greenhouse
Warming
<hu@cola.iges.org>
---------------------------------------------------------------------
************
IAMAS 2001
************
The Scientific Assembly of the International Association of Meteorology and
Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS)
10-18 July 2001, Innsbruck, Austria.
<http://meteo.uibk.ac.at/IAMAS2001/>
The deadline for abstract (16 February 2001) has passed.
Next deadline: early registration 23 March 2001
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
***********************************************************************
UCLA TROPICAL METEOROLOGY NEWSLETTER is a forum for quick exchange of
information and discussions related to the "tropical" or "equatorial"
atmosphere and oceans (from the hydrosphere to the mesosphere) and
intends to cover all time and space scales. We invite news, reviews,
abstracts, Web-site updates, and comments/suggestions from the readers.
SEND YOUR CONTRIBUTION to Michio Yanai <yanai@atmos.ucla.edu>.
**********************************************************************
-----------------------(end of table of contents)-----------------------
********
ARTICLE
********
The Research of Dr. Joanne Simpson: Fifty Years Investigating Hurricanes,
Tropical Clouds and Cloud Systems
W.-K. Tao, and J. Halverson
Laboratory for Atmospheres
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center
Greenbelt, MD 20771
<http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/912>
(Submitted to AMS Meteorological Monographs)
Dr. Simpson received her Ph. D. from the University of Chicago in 1949 and
was the first female to obtain a Ph. D. in Meteorology. She served as the
American Meteorological Society President in 1989, and Project Scientist
for the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) from 1986 to its
successful launch in December 1997. She joined NASA Goddard in 1979 and
currently serves in the position of Chief Scientist for Meteorology, Earth
Science Directorate, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Dr. Simpson's major areas of scientific research involved the "hot
tower" hypothesis and its role in hurricanes, structure and maintenance of
trade winds, air-sea interaction, and observations and the mechanism for
hurricanes and water spouts. She was also a pioneer in cloud modeling with
the first one-dimensional model and had the first cumulus model on a
computer. She led the work into multi-dimensional cloud modeling via
observations of mergers and cloud interactions in lines. She played a
major role in planning and leading observational experiments on convective
cloud systems, such as the joint NOAA-Navy Project Stormfury, and the
Florida Area Cumulus Experiment. She was a leading participant in the
aircraft aspects of several Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP)
experiments, particularly GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), Monsoon
Experiment (MONEX) and Tropical Oceans Global Atmosphere (TOGA) - Coupled
Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE).
Her many awards include the AMS Rossby Medal, the Department of
Commerce's Gold and Silver Medals and NASA's Exceptional Scientific
Achievement Medal. She has devoted herself to the AMS and served in many
positions culminating in the Presidency of the organization. The influence
and support of her science partner and husband Bob Simpson was described.
[Symposium on Cloud Systems, Hurricanes and TRMM - Honoring Dr. J. Simpson]
__ |----------------------------------------------------|
( ) | Wei-Kuo Tao |
( ) |----------------------------------------------------|
_( ) | |
( ) | Mesoscale Modeling and Dynamic Group |
( ) |----------------------------------------------------|
( ) | Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Branch, Code 912 |
_( ) | Laboratory for Atmospheres |
( ) | NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center |
( ) | Greenbelt, MD 20771 |
(_______________) |----------------------------------------------------|
///////////// | Phone: (301) 614-6269 FAX: (301) 614-5492 |
///////////// | ---> tao@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov <--- |
///////////// | ---> http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/912 <--- |
///////////// |----------------------------------------------------|
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
* The following is an excerpt from the original (18 page-) biography of
Dr. Joanne Simpson supplied by NASA GSFC (Ed.).
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
DR. JOANNE SIMPSON January 2000
EDUCATION
B.S., University of Chicago, 1943
M.S., University of Chicago, 1945
Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1949
D Sc., State University of New York at Albany (Honorary), 1991
POSITIONS
Chief Scientist for Meteorology, Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres, Goddard
Space Flight Center, NASA, 1988-
Goddard Senior Fellow, NASA, 1989-1994
American Meteorological Society: President-Elect, 1988, President, 1989
Head, Severe Storms Branch, Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (formerly
Goddard
Laboratory for Atmospheric Sciences), Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA
(Excepted Executive Appointment), 1979-1988
Study Scientist for Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), Goddard Space
Flight Center, NASA, 1986-1989. Project Scientist, 1989-
Affiliate Professor of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University
1980-present
William W. Corcoran Professor of Environmental Science, University of
Virginia,
1976-1981
Professor of Environmental Sciences, Member, Center for Advanced Studies,
University of Virginia, 1974-1976
Director, Experimental Meteorology Laboratory, NOAA, Coral Gables, Florida
(Grade: GS-16), 1965-1974
Adjunct Professor of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, 1967-1974
Professor of Meteorology, University of California at Los Angeles, 1960-1964
Meteorologist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1951-1960
Assistant Professor, Illinois Institute of Technology, 1949-1951
Instructor, Physics and Meteorology, Illinois Institute of Technology,
1945-1949
Instructor, Meteorology, University of Chicago, 1944-1945
Instructor, Meteorology, New York University, 1943-1944
HONORS
Guggenheim Fellowship, 1954
Meisinger Award of the American Meteorological Society, 1962
U.S. Department of Commerce Silver Medal, 1967
Fellow of the American Meteorological Society, elected 1968
U.S. Department of Commerce Gold Medal, 1972
Elected to Endowed Chair, University of Virginia, 1976
Rossby Research Medal of the American Meteorological Society, 1983
Elected to the National Academy of Engineering, 1988
Women in Science and Engineering (WISE) Lifetime Achievement Award, 1990
Honorary Doctorate of Science, State University of New York, 1991
Charles Franklin Brooks Award of the American Meteorological Society, 1992
Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, 1994
Elected Honorary Member of the Americsan Meteorological Society, 1995
NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal, 1998
Honorary Member, Royal Meteorological Society, U.K., 1999
PUBLICATIONS (as of January 2000, 193 refereed articles are listed)
Here a few early papers that inspired this Editor (as a graduate student
and later as faculty at Univ. Tokyo, and at UCLA) are selectively shown.
4. Vertical distribution of temperature and humidity over the Caribbean
Sea. Pap. Phys. Oceanog. Meteor., 11 (1), 88 pp., 1949. Co-author with A.
F. Bunker, B. Haurwitz, and H. Stommel.
8. The north-east trade of the Pacific Ocean. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor.
Soc., 77, 598-626, 1951. Co-author with H. Riehl, T. C. Yeh, and N. E. La
Seur.
28. On the heat balance in the equatorial trough zone. Palm駭 Anniversary
Volume, 1958. Geophysica, 6, 503-535, 1958. Co-author with H. Riehl.
32. The evolution of a convective element: A numerical calculation. The
Atmosphere and the Sea in Motion (Rossby Memorial Volume). Rockefeller
Institute, Oxford University Press, 425-439, 1959. Senior author with G.
Witt.
34. Recent developments in studies of penetrative convection and an
application to hurricane cumulonimbus towers. Cumulus Dynamics. Pergamon
Press, 65-84,1960.
36. Cloud patterns in Hurricane Daisy, 1958. TELLUS, 13, 8-30, 1961.
Senior author with C. Ronne and M. Chaffee.
37. Some aspects of Hurricane Daisy, 1958. TELLUS, 13, 181-213, 1961.
Co-author with H. Riehl.
44. Cloud Structure and Distributions Over the Tropical Pacific Ocean.
University of California Press, 229 pp., 1964. Senior author with H. Riehl.
53. Experimental cumulus dynamics. Reviews of Geophysics, 3, 387-431,
1965. Senior author with R. H. Simpson, D. A. Andrews, and M. A. Eaton.
76. 1968 Florida cumulus seeding experiment: Numerical model results.
Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 87-118, 1971. Co-author with Wiggert.
78. On cumulus entrainment and one-dimensional models. J. Atmos. Sci., 28,
449-455, 1971.
* Abstracts of Dr. Simpson's most recent papers appear in this and the next
issues of UCLA Tropical Meteorology Newsletter.
_____________________________________________________________________________
***********
ABSTRACTS
***********
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Modeling of Convective-Stratiform Precipitation Processes: Sensitivity to
Partitioning Methods and Numerical Advection Schemes
------------------------------------------------------------------------
S. Lang, W.-K. Tao, J. Simpson and B. Ferrier
(Submitted to J. Applied Meteorology)
Abstract
Six different convective-stratiform separation techniques, including a new
technique that utilizes the ratio of vertical and terminal velocities, are
compared and evaluated using two-dimensional numerical simulations of a
tropical [Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere
Response Experiment (TOGA COARE)] and midlatitude continental [Preliminary
Regional Experiment for STORM-Central (PRESTORM)] squall line. The
simulations are made using two different numerical advection schemes: 4th
order and positive definite advection. Comparisons are made in terms of
rainfall, cloud coverage, mass fluxes, apparent heating and moistening,
mean hydrometeor profiles, CFADs (Contoured Frequency with Altitude
Diagrams), microphysics, and latent heating retrieval. Overall, it was
found that the different separation techniques produced results that
qualitatively agreed. However, the quantitative differences were
significant. Observational comparisons were unable to conclusively
evaluate the performance of the techniques. Latent heating retrieval was
shown to be sensative to the use of separation technique mainly due to the
stratiform region for methods that found very little stratiform rain. The
midlatitude PRESTORM simulation was found to be nearly invariant with
respect to advection type for most quantities while for TOGA COARE fourth
order advection produced numerous shallow convective cores and positive
definite advection fewer cells that were both broader and deeper
penetrating above the freezing level.
<http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/912>
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Study of Heavy Precipitation Events in Taiwan during 10-13 August 1994.
Part II: Mesoscale Model Simulations
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
W.-K. Tao, C.-S. Chen, Y. Jia, D. Baker, S. Lang and P. Wetzel
(Submitted to Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan)
ABSTRACT
Several heavy precipitation episodes occurred over Taiwan from August 10 to
13, 1994. Precipitation patterns and characteristics are quite different
between the precipitation events that occurred from August 10 and 11 and
from August 12 and 13. In Part I (Chen et al. 2001), the environmental
situation and precipitation characteristics are analyzed using the EC/TOGA
data, ground-based radar data, surface rainfall patterns, surface wind
data, and upper air soundings.
In this study (Part II), the Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5)
is used to study the precipitation characteristics of these heavy
precipitation events. Various physical processes (schemes) developed at
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (i.e., cloud microphysics scheme,
radiative transfer model, and land-soil-vegetation surface model) have
recently implemented into the MM5. These physical packages are described
in the paper. Two way interactive nested grids are used with horizontal
resolutions of 45, 15 and 5 km.
The model results indicated that cloud physics, land surface and
radiation processes generally do not change the location (horizontal
distribution) of heavy precipitation. The Goddard 3-class ice scheme
produced more rainfall than the 2-class scheme. The Goddard
multi-broad-band radiative transfer model reduced precipitation compared to
a one-broad band (emissivity) radiation model. The Goddard
land-soil-vegetation surface model also reduce the rainfall compared to a
simple surface model in which the surface temperature is computed from a
surface energy budget following the "force-restore" method. However, model
runs including all Goddard physical processes enhanced precipitation
significantly for both cases. The results from these runs are in better
agreement with observations. Despite improved simulations using different
physical schemes, there are still some deficiencies in the model
simulations. Some potential problems are discussed.
Sensitivity tests (removing either terrain or radiative processes)
are performed to identify the physical processes that determine the
precipitation patterns and characteristics for heavy rainfall events.
These sensitivity tests indicated that terrain can play a major role in
determining the exact location for both precipitation events. The terrain
can also play a major role in determining the intensity of precipitation
for both events. However, it has a large impact on one event but a smaller
one on the other. The radiative processes are also important for
determining the precipitation patterns for one case but not the other. The
radiative processes can also effect the total rainfall for both cases to
different extents.
__ |----------------------------------------------------|
( ) | Wei-Kuo Tao |
( ) |----------------------------------------------------|
_( ) | |
( ) | Mesoscale Modeling and Dynamic Group |
( ) |----------------------------------------------------|
( ) | Mesoscale Atmospheric Processes Branch, Code 912 |
_( ) | Laboratory for Atmospheres |
( ) | NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center |
( ) | Greenbelt, MD 20771 |
(_______________) |----------------------------------------------------|
///////////// | Phone: (301) 614-6269 FAX: (301) 614-5492 |
///////////// | ---> tao@agnes.gsfc.nasa.gov <--- |
///////////// | ---> http://rsd.gsfc.nasa.gov/912 <--- |
///////////// |----------------------------------------------------|
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Influence of Cloud-Radiation Interaction on Simulating Tropical
Intraseasonal Oscillation with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
M.-I. Lee, I.-S. Kang, J.-K. Kim
Seoul National University
B.E. Mapes
NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center (CDC)
(Submitted to JGR)
ABSTRACT
The influence of cloud-radiation interaction on simulating the tropical
intraseasonal oscillation was examined and a possible improvement was
explored. An aqua planet version of a state-of-the-art atmospheric general
circulation model was used for simpler interpretations of the cloud-radiation
interaction. Two types of simulation were conducted: one with fully interactive
clouds and radiation, and the other with fixed (prescribed) zonal mean
radiative cooling rate taken from the interactive run. The simulated
intraseasonal variability is largely sensitive to the cloud-radiation
interaction and its feedback processes parameterized in the model. With
fixed radiation, eastward-propagating moist equatorial Kelvin waves, mainly
zonal wavenumbers 1-2, are simulated. With interactive radiation, on the
other
hand, the eastward propagation is significantly inhibited, as small-scale
disturbances move westward following the basic easterly winds. The
persistent excitations of small-scale disturbances are explained by positive
feedback mechanisms involving clouds, radiation, dynamics, and convection.
The mechanisms are examined using composite vertical profiles of diabatic
heating rate in rainy regions. Anvil clouds formed in the upper troposphere by
cumulus detrainment reduce the longwave cooling significantly in the lower
troposphere, while releasing large-scale latent heating in the upper
troposphere. The resulting heating produces a diabatic circulation with
enhanced moisture convergence and rising motions in convective regions.
This persistent cumulus - anvil cloud system appears to suppress the
large-scale moist Kelvin wave propagating eastward. To moderate the
strong cloud-radiation feedback, we modified the large-scale condensation
scheme by reducing the autoconversion time scale needed for cloud
condensates to grow up to rain drops. In addition to this, upper-air ice cloud
contents were reduced (replaced with liquid water contents) to change the
cloud albedo. These modified processes make a wavenumber 1, eastward
propagating waves with a period about 30 days, similar to those simulated in
the fixed radiation case. The modified processes were applied to a simulation
with realistic land-ocean distribution and SST. Compared with observations,
the eastward propagation characteristics are significantly improved after
modification, but at the cost of a worse planetary radiation budget, indicating
that more efforts are needed to improve the cloud-radiation interaction
parameterizations in GCMs.
<http://climate.snu.ac.kr/members/milee.htm>
<http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/~bem/publications.shtml>
*******************************************
Dr. Brian Mapes
NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center (CDC)
Temporary address until 6/2001:
c/o Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences
University Of Arizona
1118 E. 4th St. PO Box 210081
Tucson, Az 85721-0081
E-mail: <mapes@atmo.arizona.edu>
*******************************************
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Possible Roles of Atlantic Circulations on the Weakening Indian Monsoon
Rainfall - ENSO Relationship
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
C.-P. Chang, Patrick Harr and Jianhua Ju
Department of Meteorology
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93943
(Accepted by J. Climate)
ABSTRACT
Since the 1970s, the inverse relationship between the Indian monsoon
rainfall and the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has weakened
considerably. The cause for this breakdown is shown to be most likely the
strengthening and poleward shift of the jet stream over the North Atlantic.
These changes have led to the recent development of a significant
correlation between wintertime western European surface air temperatures
and the ensuing monsoon rainfall. This western Europe winter signal
extended eastward over most of northern Eurasia and remained evident in
spring, such that the effect of the resulting meridional temperature
contrast was able to disrupt the influence of ENSO on the monsoon.
*******************************
Corresponding author:
Dr. C.-P. Chang
E-mail: <cpchang@nps.navy.mil.>
*******************************
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Real-Time Monitoring and Prediction of Modes of Coherent Synoptic to
Intraseasonal Tropical Variability
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Matthew Wheeler*
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
* Now at the Bureau of Meteorlogy, Melbourne, Australia
Klaus M. Weickmann
NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, Colorado
(Accepted to Monthly Weather Review)
Abstract
A technique of near real-time monitoring and prediction of various
modes of coherent synoptic to intraseasonal zonally-propagating tropical
variability is developed. It involves Fourier filtering of
a daily-updated global dataset for the specific zonal wavenumbers
and frequencies of each of the phenomena of interest. The filtered
fields obtained for times before the end of the dataset may be
used for monitoring, while the filtered fields obtained for times
after the end-point may be used as a forecast. Tests of the
technique, using satellite-observed outgoing longwave radiation
(OLR) data, reveal its skill for monitoring. For prediction, it
demonstrates good skill for the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO),
and detectable skill for other convectively coupled equatorial modes,
although the decaying amplitude of the predictions with time is a
characteristic that users need to be aware of.
The skill for the MJO OLR field appears to be equally as good as that
obtained by the recent empirical MJO forecast methods developed by
Waliser et al., and Lo and Hendon, with a useful forecast
out to about 15 to 20 days. Unlike the previously-developed
methods, however, the current monitoring and prediction technique
is extended to other defined modes of large-scale coherent
zonally-propagating tropical variability. These other modes are
those that appear as equatorial wave-like oscillations in the OLR.
For them, the skill shown by this empirical technique,
although considerably less than that obtained for
the MJO, is still deemed to be high enough for the
technique to be sometimes useful, especially when
compared to that of a medium-range global numerical
weather prediction (NWP) model.
<http://www.bom.gov.au/bmrc/mrlr/mwheeler/abstracts/WW01.html>
***********************************************************
Dr. Matthew Wheeler
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
(Now at the Bureau of Meteorlogy, Melbourne, Australia)
Matthew Wheeler <mwheeler@bom.gov.au>
***********************************************************
-------------------------(Continue to Part 2) -------------------------------
################################################
Issued by the UCLA Tropical Meteorology Project
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, UCLA
405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1565,
U. S. A. <http://uniblab.atmos.ucla.edu/tropic/>
################################################